Research report

Gathering has advanced as significant Bloc on the planet. As the BRICKS countries have recognized from other developing markets by their financial and segment potential to rank among the world's biggest and most compelling economies in the 21 SST Century. China and India are the significant patrons of the development in the BRICKS bunch as well as In the World. In the course of recent decades the pattern has been unmistakably proposing the ascent of the two nations as development engines.Throughout the article we will attempt to comprehend the main considerations that undistributed to the development of the China In contrast with BRIM countries. And furthermore we will examinations the present difficulties ahead for both China. Regardless of whether China will have the option to hold up this energy In future Is most troublesome inquiry to be replied. Despite the fact that numerous World associations are positioning China as the main Economic intensity of world and India among top 3 m ost created countries of the world by 2050. Hole of the BRICKS countries is on the ascent when investigated the previous two decades plainly recommends that the GAP development in total terms is on the rise.The outline beneath has en produced by changing over the neighborhood Currencies in to Current US Dollars. (Disregarding the Currency changes for simple examination) GAP Growth pace of China has been on the top all through the two decades and it has continued the development reliably. Let us take a gander at the Factors liable for the Growth of China Beginning with China the fundamental Factors liable for the China's Growth are High Productivity of Labor and 2. Ventures of both by the Government and Private Sector.The fare and assembling areas are key drivers of China's economy. The Workforce of china has been exceptionally beneficial and as indicated by Study done by one f presumed Management Institute it was that China's Labor power was 18% more profitable than American work po wer. It was additionally discovered that there Is still more extension for Improvement in Productivity for Chinese Labor. With Productive work and new abilities being bestowed by the enormous number of Universities, progressively number of individuals are to Join the present Labor showcase with cutting edge skills.There Is almost certain opportunity that the work will be accessible at ideal value levels as gone are the days as China was considered for modest labor. Speculations and the Total investment funds to GAP of Chinese are most noteworthy In the BRIM countries. They are at record levels of around 48%, one of the most elevated among the world. With this measure of Savings going In to the Investments Is an excellent in addition to a country, which Is making China an Investment driven economy.There Is a huge job of Investments in China's financial development story as remote Direct Investments began Infrastructure which again assisted with raising their yield levels further. In the course of the most recent decade Chinese Government spending plan is in the overflow with the exception of in 2009, when Chinese government needed to accommodate Stimulus as western world was in grasp of Financial Crisis. The Surplus of Chinese Government financial plan is helping them to get trend setting innovation, oil resources in African Continent and Sovereign funds.Again China best the BRICKS countries in development of Exports. China has changed itself in to assembling center point of the world. Its worldwide fare share has soar from only 1. 9 percent in 1990 to 11. 5 percent currently, at long last arriving at equality with its worldwide GAP share. Late droop in Chinese fares can be found in outline which is credited to the powerless interest in both US and European nations which are China's significant fare markets. Frail interest in the western nations is because of delayed down of the economies because of late budgetary crisis.This can be a brief pattern as once US a nd European Economies get there will be more noteworthy interest for Chinese fares. China has kept up serious edge over the world with its huge modest work power which was profitable, modest crude materials, low force costs with modern Infrastructure and Technology. However, not many Analysts foresee Chinese intensity is not, at this point because of 1. Rising work compensation, inferable from a staggering 66-percent expansion in compensation since 2008. 2. China has kept the Credit rates exceptionally low helping simple obligation financing for producers and exporters.With rising expansion and terrible advances sneaked in to the framework, Chinese government needs to act quickly to clean budgetary area. This may have an antagonistic impact in close to term. End: Though looking with close to term difficulties China is very much ready to take on the difficulties in a superior manner and Chinese development story will stay unblemished. Till now China's development was upheld by Export s. Presently China changed itself in to a Factory of the world with huge number of workforce adding to as of now workforce.As per gauges these common laborers will have 40% of china's populace as Middle Class by 2020. This working class with raising yearnings and spending will spike the interest. In close to term China will see a ton of Domestic interest prodded by utilization of this white collar class. Till ongoing occasions China's Economy which was prodded by Manufacturing and Exports division will likewise have Consumption driven economy requesting administrations and products. This will contain the present degrees of the GAP development rates. Thus I will purchase in to the China's continued development story in long haul.

Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms free essay sample

Should understudies need to wear garbs? For the most part each and every state funded school has a school uniform strategy. I believe that school regalia remove opportunity of decision, school outfits put a prevent from understudies show their character. It would be way better if government funded schools might remove school garbs and let understudies dress the manner in which they need to, obviously dressing suitably. As a matter of first importance, it removes opportunity of decision. The school as of now has enough standards, why remove considerably more. Schools consistently have explicit necessities on the most proficient method to wear your uniform and that isn't reasonable. Understudies get it inconvenience for wearing blend coordinated socks or various hues shoe-bands. It’s absurd for somebody to prevent somebody from doing that. Second, school regalia prevent individuals from indicating who they truly are. They don't instruct the understudies individuals who are not the same as themselves. Numerous individuals feel that factions will shape. We will compose a custom paper test on Should Students Have to Wear Uniforms or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Trust me they will, however why not tackle this issue. You’re surrendering and saying since you can’t acknowledge each other when you are unique, we’re going to make all of you the equivalent. Third, numerous individuals in government funded schools have various societies. They are required to wear conventional apparel yet school outfits prevent them from that. They either wear the uniform or get in a tough situation. That isn't reasonable for them by any means. That is something you’re detracting from them, you can’t simply take someone’s custom. Fourth, it will be simpler for our folks. Consistently guardians have so much pressure since they need to purchase regalia and in light of the fact that the understudies don’t have opportunity of decision on wearing what they need, they choose they need the best outfits out there. Garbs can come out to be over the top expensive. School regalia remove numerous things from you. I think it isn't right and that it ought to be removed. Numerous understudies will concur with me on this. Each individual ought to have a decision and making them wear outfits resembles driving them to wear it. We would be in an ideal situation without outfits. Much obliged to you.

MIT campus lost power!

MIT campus lost power! 39 minutes ago, I turned in a pset 2 minutes late (fortunately they hadnt been collected yet) and dashed to 10-250 (one of our big lecture halls) for the weekly Physics department colloquium. The speaker is a guy named Joel Moore from Berkeley, and his talk is on Topological Insulators and Their Implications for Electronic Order. Dont know what those are? I dont really know either, and its ben 35 minutes. That said, he just put up some tensor notation that Ive been learning recently in 8.05 (Quantum II) so thats kind of exciting. 17 minutes ago, Professor Moore was mid-sentence when the lights flickered and went off. The hundred+ physicists in the room went oooooooh! My laptop screen glowed at me and I shut it, since it seemed out of place. The lights flickered back on, and I happened to find myself looking at OH, WAIT! He just brought up Majorana fermions. Thats exciting, since the colloquium a couple of weeks ago was about them. This is what makes attending these colloquia rewarding; you start attending, and understand literally 0.01% of the words used, and gradually pick up on vocabulary as you make your way through physics classes and become exposed to new mathematical techniques and ideas from other talks. Its a nice way to learn about miscellaneous topics that you wouldnt necessarily have time to take an entire class on. And, SWEET! Now hes talking about two-level systems. I spent pretty much all of Thanksgiving break studying those. Theyre one of my favorite topics in quantum; we just learned about constructing a maser (a laser, but with microwave-frequency light in case you werent aware, LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) by, for example, passing a beam of ammonia molecules through a cavity. They deposit energy into their cavity on their way through, corresponding to a specific transition. Its very cool. Anyway, I was telling a story. -The lights  flickered back on, and I happened to find myself looking down the lecture hall at Wolfgang Ketterle, who works in the Center for Ultracold Atoms and won the Nobel Prize in 2001. Three rows in front of him is sitting Frank Wilczek, legs propped up on the seat in front of him, who won the Nobel Prize in 2004. The speaker looked a little flustered. The projector was off. A technician came down, fiddled, and determined that there was no power. A couple of people grabbed their coats and headed for the exits. Professor Moore, however, is a HERO; he rolled up the sleeves of his white button-down shirt, picked up a piece of chalk, and turned to the chalkboard. Those of us sitting at the back leaned forward. He struggled with the first drawing, explaining that he wasnt expecting to have to get up and teach. This earned him giggles from the physicists. The enormous wall of nine chalkboards dwarfed him he looked a lot bigger when he was standing at the podium. He used up all the space on the bottom board, reached for the one above it, and found out that these fancy shmancy 10-250 chalkboards operate electronically; he COULDNT bring it down, because of the blackout. Awkward. He took it like a champ, and picked up an eraser. It made me wonder what I would do if there was a blackout during one of my Splash classes. Another note about the situation the scariest part was that the MIT wireless network was temporarily gone. Before I could sink into utter despair, however, whatever system MIT has for this purpose kicked in, and my Facebook page opened up. It had been something like two minutes since the blackout, and statuses were popping up like daisies expressing excitement, demonstrating wit (or not), and quoting some odd MIT emergency speaker that apparently said you may want to evacuateIm not sure. The Internet has done a lot of very strange things to society. It was kind of fascinating to keep an eye on my newsfeed while watching the presidential debates. Another status just popped up,  a bit more applicable to me in my havent-slept-for-31-hours state*: power out. naptime. *Last night. Was. Not. Fun. But my oral exam this morning went well, and that was my last of the semester, so HOORAY! Alsois it really only 5pm? aaand an e-mail just came in from my dorms Area Director, saying as Im sure youve noticed, the power in the building is outits out for all of Cambridge and some of Boston. Not sure how quickly were going to get power back (fortunately I have nothing in the fridge at homean excessively busy week has not permitted any grocery shopping trips.) The talk just ended; a group has gathered at the front of the room to talk with the speaker and each other in more detail. Frank Wilczek is laughing with a theoretical condensed matter physicist who I remember from 8.044 recitation last spring, as well as a guy who I think is somehow involved with a NASA space telescope mission (I recognize him from past colloquia), and a fourth guy I dont recognize at all. Im sure Ill see him around. Another nice thing about these colloquia: faces become familiar. I just heard Frank Wilczek just say magnetic monopoles, cosmic strings. I love this place. And the theoretical condensed matter physicist just said: but the feeling I get when facing a problemI get dizzy, you know? Dizzy. Frank Wilczek responded with something I couldnt quite make out, and now hes talking about universality. According to Anonymous Fourth Guy, young people are terrified of entering this field. Interesting. Someone just made a joke about the third rail of condensed matter physics: touch it, and youre dead. Then, they all walked out together. Now Im the only person left in the lecture hall. Professor Moores chalk sketches are still up on the board, and the enormous blank white projector screen is still down. Theres a cavity with a magnetic field marked. An insulator, I think. Some Hermitian operators. A girl walked in, saw I was in here, and left whoops. Thats my cue to post this and head out. On the menu tonight: the last two problems of an 8.05 problem set, a science journalism essay, science journalism class, reading and poster-making for my UROP, a J-Lab paper, and beginning to study for the linear algebra exam I have on Monday. Isnt it wonderful to have such a selection? I should probably be a little embarrassed to admit that the moment the lights went off, my first thought was OH! COOL! A BLACKOUT! I SHOULD WRITE A BLOG POST! but there you are. Not every day does the chance come along to post a shoutout from a blacked-out MIT campus.

My Love Is Like To Ice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1153 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/29 Category Poetry Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Poem Essay Renaissance Essay Did you like this example? The poem makes me sympathize with the persona as I read it through. The statement,Ice which is congealed with the senseless cold should kindle fire by wonderful device makes a revelation how much the persona struggles but he is still never understood. This part makes me feel the sadness that the author has due to moments of being let down despite his manifestation of love to her. When I relate all the struggles that the persona has, the sonnet makes me sad and full of sympathy. The poem was written during the Renaissance period; the age of the likes of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney among others. This period was characterized by significant minds who produced the best literary work in history. Their pieces of work especially the poem were masterpieces. The work of these writers in this era has however undergone severe alterations and changes thus the efforts to acquire the original information at that time has proved to excessively challenging. Various kinds of poems ranging from epic to ballad gained fame among writers and audience in the form of manuscripts, recitations and prints between 1509; the period when Henry viii reigned to 1660 when the commonwealth came to an end. The poets of this era observed the era of early modern history, how turbulent it was and measured it regarding glorious allegorical past. The poets then started focusing on human desires as well as the elementary matters of distinctiveness and prejudice. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Love Is Like To Ice" essay for you Create order The literary work devised at this period was characterized by various qualities such as detachment, play, mockery, disdain, entreaty and intense self-scrutiny among others. These qualities matured with time in the work of different writers. However, Renaissance poetry is divided into 2; the Tudor period of 1485-1603 and the Stuart period of 1603-1649. The boundary of Stuart and Tudor period poetry is critical in explaining the challenging epic and sonnet by innumerable poetic apprehensions such as devout poetry and satire. This helps in expounding on and accounting for the growing assertion onstrong lines existing in various minds and work of poets based on the writing styles employed. The dissections can, however, barricade the observation of similarities that exist between different writers who are said to share various correspondences as portrayed in the areas they explore in their work as well as the styles of writing employed. The poetic work of renaissance period is extraordina ry when we talk about its quality, emotional complexity, rhetorical genius, variety and depth. Spenser; the prince of the poet in his time travelled far and wide. He worked in various posts and was well educated. He also admired other peoples work. His best poet was Geoffrey Chaucer. This means that for a person to be a great writer, he must be able to express himself and also have experience with various issues in life that form the subject of his work. Just like Spenser, one must be willing to carry out his passion regardless of being involved in other duties. One must also be willing to explore areas of interest to the people in the best way possible to capture the audience interest, and attention since every work that one does is intended to impress the people. It would, therefore, be a great loss to explore areas that are never captivating. The theme of this poem is how uneven love can be. The pet has used various stylistic devices to bring out the theme in the best way possible. Being a Sensperian sonnet, the poem has a rhymes scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee. The title of the poem is numbered sonnet since this is one of the many poems that Spenser made. The bit in parenthesis indicates a contrast that exists between words and even emotions. Spenser tries to deliver the message of how uneven love can be to the reader. Through the use of words and rhymes, he explains to the readers that despite the differences in feelings between two people, love will always shade your sanities of veracity and erroneous. Simile as a form of imagery is employed in the poem to convey the authors message. The figurative form of language is used to stress the disparity of ice and fire.My love is like to ice and I to fire is a direct simile that in imagery form tries to explain the disparity existing between the feeling and emotions of two persons (line 1). Consonance and assonance are found in the sounds that have been repeated thus being able to make an emphasis on the images that the writer desires to trail. There is the use of theth sound in line two that helps in penetrating through the fancies of the reader thus depicting the punitive aspects of the cold. A wide variety of emotions are expressed in the poem. The beginning of the poem is used to as a mien of exasperation that the writer has in his present state. The author in the second stanza wonders why he is not understood despite the efforts that he puts to make her happy. His worries are because, despite everything that he does, he is always let down. The final stanza shows a shift in emotions where he states the message of the poem. He states that love is strong enough to blind a persons senses of right and wrong. This statement is used to show the intense emotions that he has and indicates that despite what happens, he still loves her so much. This work is a masterpiece that should be admired by the present day audience. It should provide an insight into the fields that when explored capture the audience the most. The present-day audience should learn that the fields explored during the renaissance times are not so different from what is explored in the current era. The only variance is the disparity in the language used and the manner in which the message is communicated. However, this work is equally or even more attractive than the writings of the current era. Present day audience should therefore not ignore the work done at this time since it is rather more entertaining than they can even fathom. The work of Edmund Spenser is from the renaissance time. That alone made me despise the work so much. I thought the message in work would be rather vague and so archaic for me to understand. However, when I read the poem, I realized that this piece of work is one of the most entertaining poems that I have ever come across. The styles of writing are perfectly employed and the message communicated is flawless. The manner in which the message has been communicated is unbelievably touching. At the end of it, this work changed the way I viewed the work done at ancient times and made me gain interest in exploring more of this kind of work made in the renaissance and classical periods.

The Articles Of Confederation From A New Constitution

The aim of this paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. I will first start out by giving some background on the Article of Confederation as to what it was and why it was important for the US? Secondly, I will provide the reader with some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Article of Confederation. Why did the Article of Confederation fail? Third, I will talk about the actions that were taken to replace the Article of Confederation and how these actions were worked out. Then, I will give some introduction about the new constitution that would be put in action in place of the article of Confederation. How was it different from the Article of†¦show more content†¦Finally, I will sum up the paper and restate my introduction in form of a conclusion. The aim of this paper is to talk about the different actions taken to replace the Articles of Confederation to bring about a new Constitution. The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States that was adopted on November 15, 1777. It was sent out to the states to be ratified on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation was ratified and They reserved to each state and not to the national government. The national government consisted of a congress with only one chamber that was elected by the state legislature in which each state had a vote. Congress had the right to request funds but could not put taxes on things without every state’s approval. Lastly, an approval was required by all states to ratify the articles. The articles gave the states all the freedom and United States just had few right overall. The Articles of Confederation only lasted eight years and was replaced by the US Constitution on March 4, 1789. There were many strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. The Department of Treasury, the department of Postal Service and the Department of Foreign Affairs were formed under the Article of Confederation. Articles was the first written constitution of the United States. Under the

Argue On Hostile Takeovers Free Essays

Lisa Newton argues against hostile takeovers and has many rational reasons backing her point. Takeovers in the past overall have not proven effective nor have they been monetarily beneficial to either the company or the society involved. Corporations are ruined and people, even families, are hurt. We will write a custom essay sample on Argue On Hostile Takeovers or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, I will argue against hostile takeovers for these reasons from the standpoint of a utilitarian. Utilitarianism is the â€Å"moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our action.† (Shaw Barry, 59) Actions are evaluated according to their consequences and look to maximize happiness. The view is long-term not just immediately. A hostile corporate takeover is not a positive thing through the eyes of a utilitarian for several reasons. To begin with, the idea of a possible takeover has degenerating effects on a company. â€Å"At the first level there is disruption and millions of dollars† worth of unproductive expense.† (Newton, 189) Effectiveness and productive activity at the upper levels of management comes to a stop and systematical planning disappears. Employees become apprehensive about the security of their jobs and end up spending a majority of their time speculating or searching for another job. It takes a toll on everyone involved in that they feel dishonored or belittled. Utilitarians would argue this is not a moral action since it harms the majority of the people. It is not the greatest good for the greatest number. It may immediately (short-term) benefit those who have done the takeover and those in higher up positions. However, in the long run it may not benefit even anyone. The early results of hostile takeover activity are combined with unnecessary and unwise business practices. The takeover has two destructive effects on corporate†s management. Equity is transformed into debt, leaving the company without protection. Being desperate, management may begin to look for short-term profits and impose by force aggressive actions not previously acted upon. This is deceiving to stockholders since they see high returns and stock prices even though the company does not have a good level of steadiness or security. It also harms the overall society since they usually depend on these large corporations for income and employment. Companies are willing to pay high takeover prices that they engage in severe cost-cutting at every level and at any cost. This sometimes even includes eliminating those who are important in maintaining operations, which is never a good move for the company as a whole. These people will probably have a problem finding other jobs since higher level positions are usually held by people who have been at the company for an extended length of time and are therefore older than others would want a new employee to be at a starting position. The basis of this issue revolves around money and does not consider those individuals involved. The corporate economy is at the mercy of the American dollar. People have become engrossed with making money that they sometimes forget they are dealing with other human beings. The takeover of a corporation may benefit those who are now in charge but not many others involved. Society winds up helping those newly unemployed and sometimes even the company itself. There are no laws to protect or help those who may one day be involved in a hostile takeover. These people have rights since they have contributed a lot of time, effort and even money towards the growth of the company. A corporation is nothing by itself; it is made up of the people with whom it employs. Human needs are not noticed by business practice and they hardly receive the justice deserved. Hostile takeovers are â€Å"harmful to corporate stakeholders, the economy, and the general public.† (Newton, 188) The law should restrict or even prohibit them, which is currently does not. There usually is no protection or justice for those involved. There are laws for anything and everything else to supposedly protect individuals, so why not this? Most often the result is not positive. Individuals are hurt and the corporation is usually killed in the end. More people must argue that the corporation is a moral individual just like others. The reality is that people frequently expect more from takeover defenses than they can deliver. It is rare that any defenses are backed by common sense and critical business strategy, which could help resist a pursuer and help control the terms of the deal. â€Å"As a matter of right, and as a matter of utility, the takeover game should be ended.† (Newton, 194) How to cite Argue On Hostile Takeovers, Essay examples

Talent vs Hardwork free essay sample

Natural talent vs hard work is a topic that has been debated on by people of all professions throughout history, but what exactly are these two extremely subjective terms. They are also known as Nature versus Nurture, and comprises of the differences between one’s innate ability against one’s ability affected by personal experiences. For soccer enthusiast, we often see teenagers, aged around 16, being scouted to play for big teams.Also, in the tennis world, we see the great Roger Federer being punished by mere 18 year olds. If we bring it back home, during our CCA lessons and class, we find that certain students adapt and adjust to concepts and procedures faster and with more ease as compared to others. Is this natural talent? I believe so. In my opinion, natural talent does exist and is not a myth. My statement is supported with the achievements of Mozart, Michelangelo, Einstein, Michel Jordan and many others. We will write a custom essay sample on Talent vs Hardwork or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe some people are just born with more natural aptitude than others in certain fields of work. This is what I call Natural talent. However, the verdict of someone being naturally gifted is often skewed. For example, when we see a fine piece of art or music, we often conclude that the artist must be really gifted. We come to this conclusion because we’re judging the end result – the art work itself. We tend to forget about the process and the journey of getting there.The artist may have been practicing for many years to get to that point. In which case hard work plays a huge role, regardless of whether he/she is naturally gifted or not. The first major conclusion is that nobody is great without hardwork. It’s nice to believe that if you find the field which you are natural gifted in, you’ll be great from day 1, but that is surely not the case. So being great is not handed to anyone; it requires a lot of hard work, perseverance and many hours spent on deliberate practise.Yet this is still not enough, since many people work for decades without getting significantly better. One also requires the tenacity to consistently work hard towards ones goal, the right positive mind-set, and the passion to strive for improvement and excellence. So with the correct concept of hardwork, belief in oneself and support from the people around you, anything is achievable. To end of, I would like to conclude with a quote. Einstein once said, to achieve success, one requires 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration.

Impact of Mordern Civilization on Indigenous People Essay Example

Impact of Mordern Civilization on Indigenous People Essay Example Impact of Mordern Civilization on Indigenous People Essay Impact of Mordern Civilization on Indigenous People Essay Modern civilization has forced indigenous people to adopt their cultures, and beliefs. Because modern civilization has taken over traditional lands that are for indigenous people forces them to move further away or adopt the modern lifestyles techniques. Even some of the ways in which indigenous people use to worship has taken on a modern twist to it. From the articles I read my answer to the second question is yes indigenous religions re still practiced today even though some have taken on a modern twist to it while others still remain unaltered or changed. The ones that have changed are now using the internet to reach out to others and inform them of their religions while others still keep their religion sacred. Because of modern civilization taken over lands and traditional area some indigenous religions are not able to utilize their resources such as land and other resources hence are left no other option but to change are alter hey way the go about worshiping. For example in Japan Shinto is the indigenous religion, this religion has being going on for many years however since modern civilization has introduced Buddhism to Japan this practice has not being the same. It has taken on some of the more modern steps in order to reach out to people.

Calculating Torque With Examples

Calculating Torque With Examples When studying how objects rotate, it quickly becomes necessary to figure out how a given force results in a change in the rotational motion. The tendency of a force to cause or change rotational motion is called torque, and its one of the most important concepts to understand in resolving rotational motion situations. The Meaning of Torque Torque (also called moment - mostly by engineers) is calculated by multiplying force and distance. The SI units of torque are newton-meters, or N*m (even though these units are the same as Joules, torque isnt work or energy, so should just be newton-meters). In calculations, torque is represented by the Greek letter tau: Ï„. Torque is a vector quantity, meaning it has both a direction and a magnitude. This is honestly one of the trickiest parts of working with torque because it is calculated using a vector product, which means you have to apply the right-hand rule. In this case, take your right hand and curl the fingers of your hand in the direction of rotation caused by the force. The thumb of your right hand now points in the direction of the torque vector. (This can occasionally feel slightly silly, as youre holding your hand up and pantomiming in order to figure out the result of a mathematical equation, but its the best way to visualize the direction of the vector.) The vector formula that yields the torque vector Ï„ is: Ï„ r Ãâ€" F The vector r is the position vector with respect to an origin on the axis of rotation (This axis is the Ï„ on the graphic). This is a vector with a magnitude of the distance from where the force is applied to the axis of rotation. It points from the axis of rotation toward the point where the force is applied. The magnitude of the vector is calculated based upon ÃŽ ¸, which is the angle difference between r and F, using the formula: Ï„ rFsin(ÃŽ ¸) Special Cases of Torque A couple of key points about the above equation, with some benchmark values of ÃŽ ¸: ÃŽ ¸ 0 ° (or 0 radians) - The force vector is pointing out in the same direction as r. As you might guess, this is a situation where the force will not cause any rotation around the axis ... and the mathematics bears this out. Since sin(0) 0, this situation results in Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 180 ° (or Ï€ radians) - This is a situation where the force vector points directly into r. Again, shoving toward the axis of rotation isnt going to cause any rotation either and, once again, the mathematics supports this intuition. Since sin(180 °) 0, the value of the torque is once again Ï„ 0.ÃŽ ¸ 90 ° (or Ï€/2 radians) - Here, the force vector is perpendicular to the position vector. This seems like the most effective way that you could push on the object to get an increase in rotation, but does the mathematics support this? Well, sin(90 °) 1, which is the maximum value that the sine function can reach, yielding a result of Ï„ rF. In other words, a force applied at any other angle would provide less torque than when it is applied at 90 degrees. The same argument as above applies to cases of ÃŽ ¸ -90 ° (or -Ï€/2 radians), but with a value of sin(-90 °) -1 resulting in the maximum torque in the opposite direction. Torque Example Lets consider an example where youre applying a vertical force downward, such as when trying to loosen the lug nuts on a flat tire by stepping on the lug wrench. In this situation, the ideal situation is to have the lug wrench perfectly horizontal, so that you can step on the end of it and get the maximum torque. Unfortunately, that doesnt work. Instead, the lug wrench fits onto the lug nuts so that it is at a 15% incline to the horizontal. The lug wrench is 0.60 m long until the end, where you apply your full weight of 900 N. What is the magnitude of the torque? What about direction?: Applying the lefty-loosey, righty-tighty rule, you will want to have the lug nut rotating to the left - counter-clockwise - in order to loosen it. Using your right hand and curling your fingers in the counter-clockwise direction, the thumb sticks out. So the direction of the torque is away from the tires ... which is also direction you want the lug nuts to ultimately go. To begin calculating the value of the torque, you have to realize that theres a slightly misleading point in the above set-up. (This is a common problem in these situations.) Note that the 15% mentioned above is the incline from the horizontal, but thats not the angle ÃŽ ¸. The angle between r and F has to be calculated. Theres a 15 ° incline from the horizontal plus a 90 ° distance from the horizontal to the downward force vector, resulting in a total of 105 ° as the value of ÃŽ ¸. Thats the only variable that requires set-up, so with that in place we just assign the other variable values: ÃŽ ¸ 105 °r 0.60 mF 900 N Ï„ rF sin(ÃŽ ¸) (0.60 m)(900 N)sin(105 °) 540 Ãâ€" 0.097 Nm 520 Nm Note that the above answer involved maintaining only two significant figures, so it is rounded. Torque and Angular Acceleration The above equations are particularly helpful when there is a single known force acting on an object, but there are many situations where a rotation can be caused by a force that cannot easily be measured (or perhaps many such forces). Here, the torque often isnt calculated directly, but can instead be calculated in reference to the total angular acceleration, ÃŽ ±, that the object undergoes. This relationship is given by the following equation: ÃŽ £Ãâ€ž - The net sum of all torque acting on the objectI - the moment of inertia, which represents the objects resistance to a change in angular velocityÃŽ ± - angular acceleration

Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Archaeology - Essay Example It investigates into the speleothems as cave morphologies in the archeological study as terrestrial archives of past environmental and climatic change. U dating method is used to establish the growth phases of the speleothems, and higher precipitation conditions in areas of Porte Rico during the investigated period. Areas of Maruca, Angostura and (PDI) Paso Del Indio with established archeological deposits and permanent settlement during the period are examined. The adaptation strategies for Angostura were micro-surface modification of the landscape and technological improvement to better the living conditions while Maruca and PDI resort to relocation and then reoccupation after the precipitation period (Rivera-Collazo 637). The events of drought and aridity experienced in the prehistoric and ancient times also attracted widespread responses for the people’s sustainability. It addresses the climatic change during the Holocene period notoriously marked with variable conditions of drought, aridity and reduced rainfall amongst, which influenced various human’s adaptations. Evidence from archeological sites and reconstruction of monsoon winds facilitate understanding of the effective adaptations and estimation of aridity. The article identifies the major rainwater harvesting strategies besides migration of the populations and distortion of their cultures as human coping mechanisms adopted in prehistoric times (Pandey, Gupta and Anderson 46). The study majorly focuses on Indian communities and demonstrates how the ancient water harvesting response remains in practice to the modern day. The speleothems that have developed in the calvens of Palco in Puerto Rico provide evidential materials that accumulated over time. Through a series of uranium dating methods, the speleothems growth rate can be determined. Stalagmite formation inside the calven enables the investigation of active dripping, erosion and hiatuses in speleothems in

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations Essay

Understanding Human Behavior is critical to organizations - Essay Example Understanding Human Behavior It also forms a foundational block for the leadership skills of an individual. It is reported that it can be easier for one to understand others when he understands himself (Beach 28). This is usually referred to the people surrounding the individual. As a leader, one is required to portray a strong sense of self-discipline in order to attain the self-assessment values, which eventually leads to continuous improvement. The leaders should ensure that certain aspects are put into practice before engaging into other people’s affairs. The first aspect is the practice of what one preaches. This implies that leaders are expected to tell people what to do while at the same time do the same thing. They are expected to take ownership of the statements they give to people on the things they expect from them as they are expected to behave the same. Therefore, they are the ones to set these standards. The second aspect is based on the belief that change is always okay. It is good to make changes to the intended target if the leader is in a position of identifying the reason for having a different path (Millan and Melissa 51). These points can be useful in the implementation of the self-evaluation tools used by leaders individually or for the organization. If a leader decides to take a professional image, he should know that the implication is usually positive or negative. Leaders should be well equipped in knowing their weaknesses and strengths, which will help them as they take advantage of the whole concept. They will take their time on improving their weaknesses and using the skills, they have acquired to improve their strengths. This can be done by practicing their coaching skills at the same time implementing their mentorship skills. For a long time, scholars have been arguing in indicating the possibility of an individual being his own leader (Beach 36). This can be supported by the initiative that leaders are suppose to implement rules and helping their emplo yees under the same principles which guide them. This is difficult for many leaders as they are expected to take ownership of all the problems affecting the organization together with the people working in it. This helps the other employees to have self-management, which is comprised of self-leadership. This is the type of mechanism that majority of today’s leaders use in making decision for their workers in the organization. Another argument raised by scholars implies that this is applicable to all the leaders. However, this can be refuted as some leaders have a strong implication of themselves, which will have a different view in establishing their weakness or strength. This is applicable when attempting to look at the changes they are required to undergo. Another benefit of having a self-assessment as a leader is the readiness of production of ideas (Mawson 69). There are cases where individuals will have numerous ideas but will be unable to air them out to the public. Thi s situation is attributed to several factors such as being introvert, low self-esteem or being scared. On the other hand, a self-assessed individual will not accept and will brush them off before they initiate the ideas. Another argument that has always been raised in regards to self-assessment is the genetic association with the leadership skills. It is asserted that there is a strong interaction amongst genetic influence and leadership when it is a question of entrepreneurial skills and running of businesses.

Upgrading Existing Land Rover Defenders Powertrain

Upgrading Existing Land Rover Defenders Powertrain Upgrade the existing Land Rover Defenders powertrain Introduction The design teams project aim: To propose a program and new engine design to upgrade the existing Land Rover Defenders powertrain The following report discusses weaknesses of the current LR Defender along with a subsequent review of advanced engine technologies. Finally the design targets for the new proposed engine are defined with all necessary parameters calculated and justified. The design team have also considered the cost, manufacturability and marketing affects of the new engine as well as the performance requirements. Benchmarking The current LR Defender engine will be critically analysed in-relation to the vehicles main competitors in the market place. This will allow the weaknesses of the current engine model to be determined and thus rectified for the new specification engine. The engine throughout the following section will be critically analysed in the following main areas; Acceleration speed performance Engine power effectiveness (MEP and power density) Emissions of harmful gases and particulates Fuel economy The potential customer perception of vehicles engine and other performance criterion (including value for money). The following competitor vehicles were researched and compared to the current LR Defender to establish baseline requirements for the new spec engine; Jeep Wrangler Unlimited (regarded as the main competitor) Mercedes-Benz G-Class G550 Nissan Patrol GR Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0 D For a table of the above vehicles full specifications, benchmarked with the existing LR Defender, refer to Fig.4.7 in Appendix.1. Analysis Discussion By reviewing the benchmarking table, Fig.4.7 in Appendix.1, it becomes apparent that the current LR Defender is slower than its competitors by taking 14.7 seconds to reach 0 62 mph compared with the Jeep Wranglers time of 11.7 seconds. Although the LR Defender is not expected to have a very fast acceleration time, as it is an off-utility vehicle, potential customers may be discouraged by the Defenders slow acceleration characteristics compared to the Jeep and its other competitors. The fastest acceleration time is achieved by the Mercedes-Benz G550 which can go 0 62 mph in an impressive 6.1 seconds with its supercharged 5L V8 petrol engine. The cost of the Mercedes-Benz G550 however is 50,250 (compared to 27,610 for the Defender) and has twice the engine capacity of the Defender, so is expected to be far more powerful with its petrol engine compared to the 2.4L turbocharged diesel Defender engine. The design teams proposal is that the current LR Defender engine should at least match or beat its rival the Jeep Wrangler in areas such as acceleration time from 0-62 mph as the Defender is more expensive than the Jeep and approximately 230kg lighter. Another issue is that the Defenders top speed is the lowest out of all its competitors. This low top speed has also attracted criticism from motoring journalist Jeremy Clarkson (2006) who stated that the biggest drawback of the LR Defender is its weak engine and thus corresponding slow acceleration and top speed. The new LR Defender engine must eliminate these same criticisms to become more competitive in the market place and thus more appealing to potential customers. Vehicle Power per cylinder (kW/cylinder) Power Density Ratio (kW/L) LR Defender 2.4L D 4inl 22.50 37.48 Jeep Wrangler 2.8L D 4inl 32.50 46.81 Mercedes Benz G550 5.5L V8 petrol 47.75 70.23 Nissan Patrol GR 3.0 D 4inl 29.50 39.96 Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0D 4inl 30.75 41.25 Fig.1.0 compares the effectiveness of the engines that were benchmarked in detail. It shows that the Defenders current engine has the lowest power density in terms of engine capacity. This is a big weakness as it shows that the when not taking into account the Defenders relatively small engine capacity, its engine is vastly underpowered. The Mercedes Benz G550 as expected displays the best power density as it is a gasoline engine. The Defenders regarded closest rival in terms of target market and image, the Jeep Wrangler, also shows a much greater power density ratio. Or group propose to increase the engines the power density to be comparable with the Jeep Wrangler with at least a ratio of above 43kW/L. Vehicle Torque (Nm) MEP (Mpa) LR Defender 2.4L D 4inl 360 1.885 Jeep Wrangler 2.8L D 4inl 400 1.815 Mercedes Benz G-Class G550 5.5L V8 petrol 391 0.903 Nissan Patrol GR 3.0 D 4inl 380 1.619 Toyota Land Cruiser 3.0D 4inl 410 1.729 A weakness of the current Defender however is highlighted test drive of the vehicle by motor journalist Jeremy Clarkson (2006) for the Times Newspaper. He stated that the vehicle simply did not have enough torque to pull a horse trailer behind it at a reasonable speed. This can be backed up by the data seen in Fig.1.1 above which shows that the current Defender engine produces the least amount of torque out of all its competitors. This weakness is heavily compounded by the fact that the vehicle is marketed as an off-road vehicle and thus needs high torque requirements to be-able to navigate through steep and loose terrain effectively. As a consequence customers may be off put by the fact that the current Defender has less torque than its competitors and thus this issue will have to be addressed when upgrading the existing engine. The new engine must be made more environmentally friendly than the current engine as January 2013 will see the current Euro 5 emissions targets replaced by the Euro 6 legislation and thus stricter emissions targets. The Defender is third best out the five competitors the vehicle was benchmarked against in regards to CO2 emissions, which is an indicator for overall total emission performance. The current Defender comes second best to the Jeep Wrangler in regards to fuel economy, by achieving a combined fuel economy of 28.3 mpg. However the other diesel engine competitors, the Nissan Patrol and Toyota Land Cruiser are less fuel efficient than the Defender. When purchasing an off-road vehicle such as the Defender, fuel economy may not be the most important factor but it has become more important to potential customers over the last decade. The same could be said for the greater importance of emissions performance that potential customers may look for. The new Defender engine is likely to be more powerful and thus a better fuel economy target (comparable to 32.8mpg of the Jeep Wrangler) may be out of reach. However through reviewing and selecting technologies, the fuel economy performance could be improved slightly or at least kept the same. From analysing the Defender, by using the data displayed in Fig.4.7 (Appendix.1), it can be seen that the vehicle is neither the best nor worst performing vehicle in regards to fuel economy, but averagely in relationship to competitors. The balance of the current Defenders inline four engine configuration, according to Nunney (2006), has perfect primary balance because when one pair of pistons are moving up, the other pair are moving down at the same time. Inline four engines however do not have perfect secondary dynamic balance. This is because piston acceleration varies depending on its vertical position within the cylinder head in relation to the crankshaft that it is connected to. This leads to one pair of pistons moving faster than the other, which creates a secondary imbalance and results in the engine vibrating vertically. Nunney (2006) also explains that at low power configurations the secondary imbalance (vibration) is not too severe but can get considerably worse with increasing size and powerful engines. This may explain why the current inline 4 Defender engine has a lower displacement than its competitors, to reduce secondary imbalance vibration in order to appeal to potential customers and save costs on designing a crankshaft to damp heavy engine vibration. The following strengths are also exhibited by the current engine; Highest MEP value out of the competitors benchmarked against Best strength to weight ratio (could be due to basic interior making vehicle lighter) Potential customers may overlook the apparent power and torque shortfalls as the highly regarded Land Rover brand may persuade people to buy the vehicle anyway. Summary of existing Defender engine (compared to competitors); Weaknesses Strengths Slowest acceleration from 0 62 Mph Best Mean Effective Pressure of 1.885Mpa, better than competitor vehicles Lowest top speed of only 82 mph Highest Power to weight ratio (kW/kg) More expensive than Jeep Wrangler by >4000 even with poorer speed performance. Fuel economy is not the worst Lowest Power per cylinder produced (kW/cyl) Emission of CO2 is not the worst Secondary imbalance of straight inline four engine configuration (rivals also have this weakness) Long history of Defender may appeal to potential customers, thus engine shortcomings may be overlooked Lowest torque produced out of competitors Not the best in either fuel consumption or emissions, even with smallest capacity engine Lowest Power Density Ratio (kW/L) Current Vehicle Performance Trends Fig 1.3 shows the performance trends for Jaguar engines up to 2010. While exact performance targets cannot be extrapolated from the graph, The design group can see that the new Defender engine needs to have an increase in specific engine power. However with the increase in power, increased emissions and fuel consumption will occur. This in conjunction with Fig 1.4 below from Richardson (2010) shows how CO2 emissions have decreased despite the trend of engine power also increasing. While the trends from Figs 1.3 and 1.4 show that performance trends increase and emissions trends decrease, the group is concluding that potential customers for a LR Defender will be less likely concerned about the vehicles emissions or fuel economy compared to non-SUV vehicles customers. Thus increasing the torque (and power) of the current engine to match its competitors is prioritised. It is conceded that any improvement in fuel economy and emissions departments will be limited, but in the interests of Land Rovers image, any improvement on these characteristics will be beneficial. Advanced Engine Technology Supercharging Turbo-charging Technology Superchargers (mechanical drive driven) This is a device comprising of an air compressor to force more air into the engine. Forcing a greater amount of air (under positive pressure) into the engine provides more oxygen for the combustion process than without a supercharger. As a result more fuel can be thus provided for stoichiometric combustion reaction to occur and allowing more work per a cycle to be done. This thus increases the power output of the engine. The advantage of supercharging according to Daniels (2001) is that it multiplies the engines BMEP and torque by the amount the air compressor increases the atmospheric pressure into the engine. Supercharged engines also experience better throttle response than naturally aspirated engines. The disadvantage of using a supercharger is that it is generally less thermally efficient than the more common used turbocharger (which uses energy from otherwise wasted exhaust gas). Another drawback highlighted by Harris (2002) is that supercharging (particularly mechanical-supercharging techniques) puts extra strain on the engine and its components as they are required to withstand extra strains provided by the supercharging boost. This requires the engine to be made stronger, thus thicker, heavier and more expensive. Daniels (2001) also explains how the noise generated by a superchargers mechanical drive components can contribute to extra passenger discomfort. Turbochargers These devices consist of a turbine and a compressor and are a type of supercharger. The difference is that instead of mechanically driving a compressor to force more air into the engine, turbochargers uses the engines own exhaust gases (which would have been otherwise wasted). It does this by converting the kinetic energy from exhaust gases into rotational energy to turn a turbine. The turbine is connected to the compressor on the same shaft, thus this powers the compressor to draw in atmospheric air and pump it pressurised into the engine. The advantages of a turbocharger are same as for a supercharger as previously described of increasing engine BMEP. This is appropriate for the LR Defender which will need the extra power if being used off-road or in mountainous steep roads, which is the market the vehicle is targeted to. Turbochargers are also more thermally efficient than superchargers due to use of the otherwise wasted exhaust gas. This thus decreases exhaust emissions and fumes expelled into the atmosphere. Daniels (2001) also explains that for mainly diesel engines variable geometry turbochargers can maintain an appropriate exhaust gas speed though the turbo turbine when the engine is at low load. Disadvantages include the need for a cooler to cool exhaust gas before it enters the turbine therefore adding weight and bulk to the engine. During operation turbochargers also experience a turbo lag when the throttle is applied. As previously explained the LR Defenders competitors (particularly its main rival the Jeep Wrangler) have more powerful engines than the current Defender 2.4litre 4 cylinder engine. If upgrading the engine by increasing its cylinder capacity, more air (particularly oxygen) will need to be supplied to the cylinders for combustion. Thus the use of twin-turbochargers may be required to force more air into the cylinders to make the combustion process stoichiometric. Also the advantage of using two smaller turbochargers (twin-turbo), instead of a larger single turbocharger, is that turbo-lag is reduced. Usually a small turbocharger provides boost at low engine speeds and the second kicks in and supplies boost at higher engine speeds. There are two widely known types of twin-turbochargers called Parallel and Sequential types. When comparing the advantages and disadvantages of mechanically-driven superchargers and turbochargers it was decided to use turbochargers as they are more environmentally friendly and fuel efficient to run. The current engine for the LR Defender uses a variable geometry turbocharger and it is likely the new spec engine will also be turbocharged by the same type of unit. Variable Valve Timing Systems Camless Valve Systems Autoweek Magazine (2005) states that camless valve systems were tested in 2005 by Valeo on two Peugeot 407s successfully under extreme weather conditions and intensive testing. The valves were controlled by individual actuators and powered through solenoids to open and close valves. The advantages of camless systems, explained by Daniels (2001), include the following; Valve timing can be altered to as desired In theory some cylinders could be shut off (at low load) to allow others to run more efficiently Valve timing and lift can be matched to the needs of the engine with an estimated saving of up to 20% on fuel saving. The mechanical design of the engine can be simplified as the usage of a camshaft and other associated valve gear become redundant. The advantages however are currently overshadowed by the power needs of the camless system and the associated complexity and reliability issues if the vehicle has electrical problems. Peter Brown who is vice president of powertrain engineering and design for Ricardo stated in Autoweek Magazine (2005) It comes down to complexity and cost which sums up why camless systems are still not (although many think they eventually will be) utilised in passenger vehicle engines. For The new LR Defender engine camless systems will not be used for the disadvantages described above. Variable Valve Timing Technology Mechadyne International (2006) states that that the use of variable valve train systems can substantially reduce both fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The amount by which the variable valve train systems reduce fuel consumption and emissions is going to be approximated to 10%. This is because, as the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) states, BMWs VALVETRONIC system reduces fuel consumption and exhaust emissions by over 12%. According to the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) the following types of variable valve timing technology are available; Camshaft phase adjustment Camshaft-lobe control Fully variable valve timing with camshaft Fully variable valve timing without camshaft Camshaft Phase Adjustment This type of variable valve timing adjusts the phase that the cams are in contact with the levers that open and close the valves. To change the phase of the camshaft small adjustments are made, by electrically controlled actuators, to the camshaft as a function of engine speed. Typically the camshaft can only be controlled to move to two pre-calculated extreme positions. Advantages include greater power, torque and efficiency being experienced for a wider range of engine speeds. Disadvantages to other valve timing methods include the limited range in which the valves timings can actually be altered. Fully Variable Valve Timing with Camshaft These types of systems can vary both valve lift and timing. The lobes on the camshaft have a curved profile which in conjunction with the camshaft being able to move freely laterally, this enables the valve lift and timing to also be varied independent to each other, which is an obvious advantage to the previously limited valve control systems mentioned above. Fully Variable Valve Timing without Camshaft These types of systems are very different, to the previously mentioned, as it replaces the use of a camshaft with either the following types of control methods solenoid (electromagnetic) or electro-hydraulic actuators. The biggest advantage of these systems are that operate independently from the crankshaft and thus this allows the valves to be opened at any time period of the engines cycle. This, as stated by the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007), offers the greatest degree of freedom for valve timing and thus the greatest potential for reducing fuel consumption. Also deactivation of certain cylinders can be achieved thus allowing the active cylinders to work more efficiently at lower engine speeds. Disadvantages are however that superchargers cannot be installed (without very expensive and complicated design), and while space is saved from not using a camshaft, electrical components can be bulky and hazardous. Also the cost of fully variable valve timing systems means it is unlikely they will be incorporated into The new engine design. Camshaft-Lobe Control In these types of systems it becomes possible for a valves timing to be controlled by three separate camshaft lobes depending on the engine speed. According to the Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) the one lobes profile is tailored so that valve timing and lift is optimised for the lower to mid engine speed range. Another lobes profile is optimised for higher engine speeds by maximising valve lift and opening times. Systems such as Hondas VTEC and Toyotas WTI use camshaft-lobe control method. Camshaft-lobe shifting types of variable valve timing also share similar advantages and disadvantages to the camshaft phase adjustment method. This type of variable timing (camshaft-lobe control) will be used for the new engine design. This is because it doesnt cost as much (or weigh as much) as the other variable valve timing systems while still being hugely advantageous in terms of performance, fuel economy and emissions control gain. Fuel Injection Systems Common Rail Fuel Injection These fuel systems consist of a common rail tubing system maintained at constant high pressure via a pump. Injectors for each cylinder in the engine are in turn connected to the common rail tubing. The injectors have solenoid valves which are electronically controlled via an engine ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to open and close at the desired timings as explained in detail by DENSO (2005). An advantage of common rail fuel injection is that control of fuel injection (according to Daniels, 2001) is at the injector itself and not at the pump which is the case with other fuel injection systems. Higher pressures can also be achieved thus more fuel can be injected into the cylinder in a shorter amount of time with better fuel atomisation, as described by DENSO (2005), leading to high combustion efficiency and a reduction in emissions. This is important as new emissions targets will have to be met in 2014 with the Euro 6 legislation when the vehicle will be on the market. The main disadvantage of this type of injection technology according to Daniels (2001) is that the injectors are expensive to manufacture and inherently complicated in design. Piezoelectric Injectors (For Common Rail Systems) Instead of using solenoid valves which are more frequently used in common rail fuel injection system, piezoelectric injectors can be used in higher performance engines. These injectors work by using piezoelectric crystals that expand when supplied with an electrical charge and thus opening and closing fuel injection valves. The following attributes of piezoelectric type injectors are common; Greater compact dimensions than solenoid valve injectors. More accurate control over injection timing and fuel volume. Piezoelectric injectors can be used with Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) to minimise diesel engine vibration at low engine speeds. This is achieved by injecting a small quantity of fuel before the main injection quantity. Piezoelectric injectors can also operate faster with more frequency than solenoid valves (approximately five times faster), which allows greater control over fuel consumption and emissions. The Bosch Automotive Handbook (2007) states that the use of piezo-injectors for common rail fuel systems can reduce emissions by up to 20%. Emissions Reduction Technologies Stanton (2009) from roadtransport.com explains how the European Parliament (EP) and European Commission (EC) have agreed new targets for comply with Euro-6 emission legislation. The new Euro-6 targets will have to be met by vehicle manufacturers and thus the new spec LR Defender by 1st January 2013. This is before the new LR Defender model will reach Job 1 (mid to late 2013). It is therefore important that new and existing technologies are reviewed in Emissions control to meet these targets. In recent years the environmental performance of vehicles influences potential customers more than ever in their buying decision. It is therefore important we maintain Jaguars highly regarded brand image and compete with competitors by meeting the existing (Euro-5) and future Euro-6 emissions targets. Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) This is a device which is responsible for removing small particulate particles and soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine. A DPF is not 100% but is normally found to be over 50% efficient most of the time. A good feature of a DPF is that its function according to torquecars.com (2008) is independent to a catalytic converter thus ensuring a fault in the DPF will not affect overall emissions critically. The advantages of particulate filters are much publicised including removing dangerous small particles from an engines emissions. The two types of DPF, active and passive, have their own advantages and disadvantages. The main disadvantages of DPF, explained by torquecars.com (2008), are highlighted below; The filters can get very hot causing a possible fire safety hazard. To remove a DPF very technical changes have to be made to the affected ECUs to change the sensitivity of sensors in the vehicles engine and exhaust. A DPF can decrease engine performance by at most 10% Bhp. Other Technologies Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) Diesel engines are known to display harsh chugging and vibration at low engine speed, which can now be minimised through technology called Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC). An APC system, described by Delphi (2008) consists of an accelerometer (microphone) attached to the engine block which listens to the nature of the combustion which may have caused vibrations occur throughout the engine block. An engine management system then minimises the unwanted vibrations and noise by optimising the amount of fuel pilot injected for combustion, in a closed loop system, until acceptable noise and vibration levels are reached. ECU Remapping According to mobilechiptune.com (2007), when we remap an engine ECU we are fine tuning the program that deals with engine performance. Remapping or upgrading an ECU could therefore potentially increase the available engine power and torque. Mobilechiptune.com (2007) also states that remapping a diesel turbo engine ECU will produce 30 50% BHP on exact the specification, where diesel engines give the most impressive power and torque gains available. A remap of the ECU will definitely be required be a twin-turbo (or other technologies) are added to the new engine, however the ECU itself is only likely to achieve small gains in efficiency, fuel economy and emissions. Summary of Chosen Technologies Fig1.5 below shows the selected technologies the group is proposing for inclusion into the new Defenders engine. Fig1.5 also shows estimates of the expected improvement over engine performance, emissions and fuel economy. Also see Section.3 for justification to estimates below. Feature Selected Technology Twin-Turbo (reused exhaust gas Variable Valve train Diesel Particulate Filter Piezo Injectors* Improved ECU Mapping APC Performance, BHP + 20% + 10% 10% + 5% + 2.5% + 2.5% Emissions, CO2 g/km + 5% 10% ~ 0% 10% 2.5% 2.5% Fuel Economy, mpg 10% + 10% ~ 0% +10% + 2.5% + 2.5% *Piezo injectors as opposed to solenoid controlled injectors in a common rail fuel injection system. 3. Selection of Engine Arrangements Modified engine parameters: Total engine capacity 3000 cc. Capacity per each cylinder 500 cc. Number of cylinders 6 Type of engine Diesel engine The target is to improve engine performance (mainly torque) by increasing the number of cylinders from 4 to 6. Although there is a reduction of capacity per cylinder, a net increase in total engine capacity of 600 cc will not only compensate it, but also increases total horsepower produced. Kayne (2009) states that 6 cylinder engines are more suited to towing, off-road, hilly and mountainous areas while experiencing greater throttle response. Bore size is thus reduced from 89.9 mm to 82 mm while retaining the same stroke length. Bore/stroke ratio is 1.15, which is within the range of 1-1.3 for diesel engine. The weight of the current engine is estimated as being 180kg taken from a BMW 2.5L inline 4 diesel engine (plus weight added for turbo) from data compiled by Williams (2006), which is a similar spec to the current Defenders 2.4L turbo inline 4. The new engine is estimated as being 25% larger thus heavier by the same margin, and an additional 50kg for the additional technologies a dded. The new engine weight is thus taken as approximately 300kg. 4. Determination of Design Targets This section of the report provides estimations for the new engines power, torque, fuel economy and emissions characteristics. Below Fig1.7 Shows modifications to the Defenders current engine will affect the new engines power performance. Performance Estimation Feature Estimated affect on engines Performance BHP (%) affect from current Defenders 121 BHP engine Increasing engine capacity by 600cc + 25 % + 30 BHP Upgrading current Turbocharger to a Twin-turbo charger + 20 % + 24 BHP Installing a Variable valve train system Camshaft Lobe Control + 10 % + 12 BHP Decreasing the bore from 89.9mm to 82mm 10 % 12 BHP Adding a Diesel Particulate Filter 10 % 12 BHP Piezo-electric injectors (instead of solenoid valves) in common-rail system + 5% + 6 BHP Miscellaneous; -Accelerometer Pilot Control (APC) -Improved ECU Mapping -Improved intake air flow + 5 % + 6 BHP Total affect in BHP = + 50 % 60 BHP Increase Given the maximum power for previous engine is 121 bhp. Therefore, the new engines maximum power is: Power = (121 + 30 + 24 + 12 12 12 + 6 + 6)bhp = 181 bhp = 135kW Torque and Power at 3 operating conditions: T = 368.5 Nm @ max power (3500rpm) T = 400.0 Nm @ max torque (2000rpm) T = 120.0 Nm @ idle (1000rpm) The Torque at various engine speeds were calculated via using the following equation: Engine power: Pe=2*? *N* T Figure 1.8 shows the estimated power and torque curves for the vehicle. Justification of Targets Estimations While the decision has been taken to increase the engines capacity, increasing the engines power to increase the vehicles acceleration and torque characteristics, the fuel economy and emissions of the engine also has to improve. This is due to more stringent legislation and targets, as well as the expectations from potential customers who expect the engine to improve in every department. It may be said that that increasing the engines capacity from 2.4L to 3L means that the targets of decreasing the fuel consumption and emissions will be difficult. The group would argue however that the current Defenders engine is underpowered compared to its competitors and was consequently the recipient of bad reviews from motor journalists (such as Jeremy Clarkson, 2006). The Defenders potential customer market also may not require huge improvements in fuel consumption and emissions. This is because the Defender is going to be utilised for and marketed as an off-field vehicle with specialist applications such as towing and rough terrain excursions. These categories of vehicles are expected by customers to have poorer fuel economy and emissions than other smaller vehicle types. These customer expectations will therefore be beneficial when designing the engine as while emissions and fuel economy is targeted to at least stay the same, the issue of increasing the Defenders torque can be prioritised. The increase in engine capacity naturally means the emissions and fuel consumption will increase. To overcome this advanced engine technology will be utilised in order to decrease the emissions and fuel consumption. Estimations will be made regarding how much saving (in terms of percentage) the addit

Bitstream Human Resource Management Essay

This case study is related with the selection process- the process of selection is about choosing the right people for the right job. In this case we assume that we have already chosen interview as an appropriate instrument to measure candidate’s performance in selection criteria. Our task will be to prepare right questions for the candidates that let us predict the most adequate candidate for the job. Bitstream is a software company that has identified an opportunity to develop and market a new product. The company develops digitalized type fonts for display type font for display screens and technology. Their revenues come from retail sales and OEM sales. Jim Sole, the brand new president was hired in 1992 to substitute the former president, the founder of the company. Jim was a very successful professional and had much great experience in this area. Jim found the organization needing some changes, like a reorganization of the structure, a clear clarification of the short/term goals and a need to enhance the teamwork within the company. These problems would be solved with reorganization of the bonus plan they have, and to delegate decisions to the employees, to make them have the need to have responsibilities and decision making power. This company had grown at a rate of 25% and had a forecast of future growth at 15%. The regular growth, plus a 15% nominal turnover in the company shows that almost 40% of people from one year to another are new. They come up with the idea of developing a network print manager, related to the work they do in the printing environment. This new product would handle printing times, printing queues or even different specifications of the work to be printed. It requires already market-existing technology but also innovation made by the company. There is a new project in the hand of the company and is a great eager to the appearance of this product in this market, and is known that there is a market segment to this product easily identifiable. To complete this task correctly, Jim Sole started looking for the right person to fill the gap of the new project manager. He talked with his friend Peter Dromeshauser, an executive recruiter (â€Å"Head Hunter) and gave him some indications concerning the job. Peter then come up with 4 names that we are going to analyze in the following. CRITERIA FOR FILLING THE POSITION: There are some aspects of selection criteria like checking the individual’s personality cross match with the requirement so for this Jim Sole can do following things. Conduct a test for job with required specifications Job requirement can be objectively evaluated in matrix/tabulated formed and personalities of each individual could be assessed based on test interview and questionnaires. Primary task would then confine to select the test for candidate. This test should be planned with industrial psychologist and may contain test interview or test questionnaire. Requirement for job has been 1. Candidate should be able to imbibe the culture of organization and in BITSTREAM there was problem that due to talented employee it became a political place and sometime became difficult to align them to organization goals. 2. Since it is mentioned in case that for sales and marketing jobs it had been a hard task to verify their qualities to handle the organization with new plans and achieve set target for sales. 3. Before going to further selection procedure Jim can reject individuals by having evaluated some preliminary criteria. E.g. Salary expected after negotiation, would they like to work with emerging companies. 4. Jim can formulate a questionnaire specifically evaluating the requirement  of job; he wanted to be in employee. This includes better decision maker, better understanding of existing network, aggressive in strategies etc. 5. Content of questionnaire and test interview should be to evaluate how individual will react to particular situation, analytical questions related to human relationship management, related to target achievement in sales, new product launch. This would help to assess their individual qualification and experience with respect to their requirement much better. To ensure that the interview will be valid we first review job specification and develop â€Å"checklist† with relevant criteria for the job. According to the CVs we have received we can then register our assessment relative to each of the important job dimensions. Trough the reading of this case, we are given a series of indications that show the key criteria to fill the position. Therefore, we found pertinent main points to characterize the four candidates, and gave a scale in terms of importance to them, to have a general overview of their qualities and fitting to the job. * Relation with Novel *Entrepreneurial skill (flexibility, intellectual curiosity, risk taking) * Experience in new Launch * VAR Experience * Networking Experience *Salary *Team work * Relation with Novel Criteria: SALARY- Encompasses a simple yes or no answer. It is acknowledged that Bitstream offers up to $120,000 in wages. This includes $80,000 in salary, $40,000 for bonus potential plus stock options from the company. This is perceived as the highest bid to offer to candidates since it was seen adequate to the market reality. Additionally, a higher offer could disrupt the salary structure of the firm. ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILL- Within this terminology we consolidated 3 major characteristics that the company looks for: Intellectual curiosity, flexibility and risk taking. This means that we look for a person who is open minded and willing to learn, who responds well to any given environmental change while regarding risk as a challenge. TEAMWORK- Is the ability to work with other people in order to achieve a common goal. This means that it is necessary to partially sacrifice personal ambition and goals. DECISION MAKING- Regarded to be one of the most important attributes in business management, especially in small organizations. It is the ability to â€Å"make the call† and it requires a lot of self confidence, knowledge and courage. EXPERIENCE IN NEW LAUNCH- This job will require someone who has experience in the distribution channel. The product needs to be in the right time at the right place. A good Communication channel is also necessary since we will be introducing a new product with a new set of characteristics where advertising and promotion play an important role, therefore making marketing knowledge a valuable tool. VAR AND NETWORK CHANNELS- VAR (value added retail) and Network channels are important since it is the working tool. VAR will be the active channel that the company is going to use, while network channel is the background of the companies activity Those grades presented in front of the topics are the top punctuation the candidates can have and give a rate of importance we have given to them. Mr. Mitchell was discarded by us because of the need of a higher salary, which could be a problematic issue with other employees and create a bad environment. Although he has a very impressive CV and many good managerial, social and entrepreneurial characteristics the salary issue is related with the well-being of the company, and therefore it is of our opinion he must be discarded. Adding, he might be the older of the four candidates (according to the year of finishing degree), and as he is working in a big company, he might not have the experience of small company relations and procedures, a point Jim referred would be important.

Things You Wont Like About Best Research Essay Topics and Things You Will

Things You Won't Like About Best Research Essay Topics and Things You Will Creating a topic all on your own is quite mind-torturing. So, here are a few suggestions, collected and listed from the very best inventory. It is possible to pick topics from assorted lists of ready themes. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will allow you to select your own. Top Choices of Best Research Essay Topics When writing an important composition, it's recommended to pick contradictive topics. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. To compose a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. Ultimately, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the value of appropriate essay structure. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. At the exact same time, it also needs to be simple to research, that way you'll discover evidence to support claims you make. You have to discover good evidence to strengthen your ideas together with examples to illustrate the evidence. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory for the initial five years after obtaining a license. Each nursing research paper includes a free bibliography and totally free research paper sources. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. With our company, your assignment will acquire high marks not based on the argumentative essay topics you select. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you may really get behind. In case you have any questions, don't be afraid to get in touch with us and we'll contact you in a blink of an eye! A great topic will allow it to be simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, evidently, the whole investigation of the problem you speak about. The key to pick out a very good topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of debates on topics or stances. The Key to Successful Best Research Essay Topics The aim of such essays isn't to demonstrate your knowledge, yet to exhibit the important thinking and analytical skills. There is a variety of of essays, and every one of them is challenging in a different way. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of ac ademic writing. If you must write your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you should first think about what it is that you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. To ensure your paper stands out you are able to also, benefit from choosing an unusual subject. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. In choosing your topic, it's frequently a good notion to start with a subject which you already have some familiarity with. It's not sufficient to pick a topic which everybody agrees on. When you are requested to choose a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with. Deciding on an emotional topic is also an excellent idea.

Is College Still A Good Investment - 958 Words

In Does College Still Pay, Lisa Barrow explores that even though the college tuition costs are increasing rapidly, is college still a good investment. Barrow states that college still worth wild and there is no evidence of a downward trend to students attending college due to increasing college tuition. Barrow also claims that by getting a bachelor s degree today, a college student can expect to regain all of their investments they have put towards their education within 10 years after graduation. Claims similar to these are found in Robert B. Archibald s The Anatomy of College Tuition. In this article, states that colleges have discount tuition for some students base on their parents income, thus putting a pressure on publishing tuition prices and causing them to increase. Barrow describes that in the 1980s, the value of a college education began to grow rapidly. She also states that with a bachelor s degree, the earnings began to increase compared to a worker with only a high school diploma. She says, that somewhere between the 1990s and 2000s, the college tuition rates has increased extremely rapidly while the wage gap has slowdown (1). She claims that due to the economy, universities has raised their tuition so dramatically to where the wage gap cannot keep up, thus, lower wages. This causes Barrow to wonder if attending college is even worth the cost of attending. To better understand, Barrow claims that due to the rapid increase in the cost of tuition has aShow MoreRelatedIs College Still A Good Investment?1023 Words   |  5 PagesIs going to college still a good investment? For most students, the answer is a resounding yes. Upon graduating high school, you are now entering adulthood and officially preparing for the future. Many individuals choose to pursue higher education by attending a two or four year college. 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